While research interventions, development interventions, and innovation interventions differs conceptually, we use the terms interchangeably, as all of the interventions in this study were deployed to seek solutions to complex, systemic issues. Existing policy and the process of innovation intervention forms a larger package of innovation systems. The success of innovation, or any intervention adoption, depends on how well the interwoven and complex context is studied. Innovation starts with an understanding of a context or phenomenon that is highly complex, interactive, and dynamic. Institutional accountability and interventional coherence at different organisational levels needs reviewing in order to achieve the sustainability of the outcome in Bhutanese agricultural research. Similarly, coordination and collaboration were found to be necessary to extract the synergistic impact of the innovative interventions at the various levels of administrative hierarchy. Our results from the document analysis show that the institutional innovative interventions appeared relevant to the Bhutanese context however, inadequate coherence (mapping and alignment) of the institutional intervention programs with the national issues and goals suggested the need for the Bhutanese agricultural innovation system to enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of the program results. A total of 67 government documents from the relevant agencies were collected, of which, 33 documents were included, based on the inclusion criteria that matched with the conceptual, thematic analytical model. The national issues and opportunities related to the agriculture and forestry of Bhutan were defined, and policy gaps were identified between the national plan and the institutional programs that were implemented. We developed a conceptual model from the themes and the OECD evaluation criteria based on the conceptual model.

This study aimed at the understanding of the innovation policy and intervention mechanism within the Bhutanese Department of Agriculture (DoA). Innovation contexts and associated elements determine the type of innovation and adoption.

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